A state-of-the-art computer for mission critical tasks. In the "ancient" mid-1960s, all computers were mainframes, since the term referred to the main CPU cabinet. Today, it refers to a class of ultra-reliable medium and large-scale servers designed for enterprise-class and carrier-class operations.
The first mainframe vendors were Burroughs, Control Data, GE, Honeywell, IBM, NCR, RCA and Univac, otherwise known as "IBM and the Seven Dwarfs." After GE and RCA's computer divisions were absorbed by Honeywell and Univac respectively, the mainframers were known as "IBM and the BUNCH."
The Vendors
For decades, IBM has been the dominant vendor in the mainframe business. Although many tried to compete by offering IBM-compatible mainframes, only Amdahl (Fujitsu) has remained as a competitor in this arena (see IBM-compatible mainframe). Unisys, Sun and others also make mainframe-class machines that typically run under a version of Unix or Linux.
There Is a Difference
One might wonder why mainframes cost a million dollars or more when the raw gigahertz (GHz) rating of their CPUs is not any higher than a PC costing 1,000 times less. Quite often in fact, the ratings are lower. Here are the reasons.
Lots of Processors, Memory and Channels
Mainframes support symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) with several dozen central processors in one system. They are highly scalable. CPUs can be added to a system, and systems can be added in clusters. Built with multiple ports into high-speed caches and main memory, a mainframe can address thousands of gigabytes of RAM. They connect to high-speed disk subsystems that can hold terabytes of data.
Enormous Throughput
A mainframe provides exceptional throughput by offloading its input/output processing to a peripheral channel, which is a computer itself. Mainframes can support hundreds of channels, and additional processors may act as I/O traffic cops that handle exceptions (channel busy, channel failure, etc.).
All these subsystems handle the transaction overhead, freeing the CPU to do real "data processing" such as computing balances in customer records and subtracting amounts from inventories, the purpose of the computer in the first place.
Super Reliable
Mainframe operating systems are generally rock solid because a lot of circuitry is designed to detect and correct errors. Every subsystem may be continuously monitored for potential failure, in some cases even triggering a list of parts to be replaced at the next scheduled maintenance. As a result, mainframes are incredibly reliable with mean time between failure (MTBF) up to 20 years!
Here to Stay
Once upon a time, mainframes meant "complicated" and required the most programming and operations expertise. Today, networks of desktop clients and servers are just as complex, if not more so. Large enterprises have their hands full supporting thousands of PCs along with Windows, Unix and Linux and maybe some NetWare and Macintosh for good measure.
With trillions of dollars worth of mainframe applications in place, mainframes may hang around for quite a while. Some even predict they are the wave of the future! See midrange computer.
Mainframe System
UNIVAC Mainframe
Mainframes have provided the computing power for major corporations for more than 40 years. Sperry Rand (Univac), IBM, GE, RCA, NCR, Burroughs, Honeywell and Control Data were the first companies that made mainframes in the U.S. This picture was taken in the mid-1970s. (Image courtesy of Unisys Corporation.)
The first mainframe vendors were Burroughs, Control Data, GE, Honeywell, IBM, NCR, RCA and Univac, otherwise known as "IBM and the Seven Dwarfs." After GE and RCA's computer divisions were absorbed by Honeywell and Univac respectively, the mainframers were known as "IBM and the BUNCH."
The Vendors
For decades, IBM has been the dominant vendor in the mainframe business. Although many tried to compete by offering IBM-compatible mainframes, only Amdahl (Fujitsu) has remained as a competitor in this arena (see IBM-compatible mainframe). Unisys, Sun and others also make mainframe-class machines that typically run under a version of Unix or Linux.
There Is a Difference
One might wonder why mainframes cost a million dollars or more when the raw gigahertz (GHz) rating of their CPUs is not any higher than a PC costing 1,000 times less. Quite often in fact, the ratings are lower. Here are the reasons.
Lots of Processors, Memory and Channels
Mainframes support symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) with several dozen central processors in one system. They are highly scalable. CPUs can be added to a system, and systems can be added in clusters. Built with multiple ports into high-speed caches and main memory, a mainframe can address thousands of gigabytes of RAM. They connect to high-speed disk subsystems that can hold terabytes of data.
Enormous Throughput
A mainframe provides exceptional throughput by offloading its input/output processing to a peripheral channel, which is a computer itself. Mainframes can support hundreds of channels, and additional processors may act as I/O traffic cops that handle exceptions (channel busy, channel failure, etc.).
All these subsystems handle the transaction overhead, freeing the CPU to do real "data processing" such as computing balances in customer records and subtracting amounts from inventories, the purpose of the computer in the first place.
Super Reliable
Mainframe operating systems are generally rock solid because a lot of circuitry is designed to detect and correct errors. Every subsystem may be continuously monitored for potential failure, in some cases even triggering a list of parts to be replaced at the next scheduled maintenance. As a result, mainframes are incredibly reliable with mean time between failure (MTBF) up to 20 years!
Here to Stay
Once upon a time, mainframes meant "complicated" and required the most programming and operations expertise. Today, networks of desktop clients and servers are just as complex, if not more so. Large enterprises have their hands full supporting thousands of PCs along with Windows, Unix and Linux and maybe some NetWare and Macintosh for good measure.
With trillions of dollars worth of mainframe applications in place, mainframes may hang around for quite a while. Some even predict they are the wave of the future! See midrange computer.
Mainframe System
UNIVAC Mainframe
Mainframes have provided the computing power for major corporations for more than 40 years. Sperry Rand (Univac), IBM, GE, RCA, NCR, Burroughs, Honeywell and Control Data were the first companies that made mainframes in the U.S. This picture was taken in the mid-1970s. (Image courtesy of Unisys Corporation.)
 | Reproduced with permission from Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Copyright (c) 1981-2009 The Computer Language Company Inc. All rights reserved. |
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