(Code Division Multiple Access) A method for transmitting simultaneous signals over a shared portion of the spectrum. The foremost application of CDMA is the digital cellular phone technology from QUALCOMM that operates in the 800 MHz band and 1.9 GHz PCS band. CDMA phones are noted for their call quality.
CDMA Is Efficient
CDMA requires fewer cell sites than the GSM and TDMA digital cellphone systems and provides three to five times the calling capacity. Providing more than 10 times the capacity of the analog cellphone system (AMPS), CDMA has become widely used in North America and is also expected to become the third-generation (3G) technology for GSM. For example, in the U.S., the Verizon and Sprint cellphone services are based on CDMA.
Spread Spectrum
Unlike the other digital systems that divide the spectrum into different time slots, CDMA's spread spectrum technique overlaps every transmission on the same carrier frequency by assigning a unique code to each conversation. The often-used analogy for this is your ability to detect your own language in a room full of people speaking other languages. See TDMA.
A Different Kind of Chip
After the speech codec converts voice to digital, CDMA spreads the voice stream over the full 1.25 MHz bandwidth of the CDMA channel, coding each stream separately so it can be decoded at the receiving end. The rate of the spreading signal is known as the "chip rate," as each bit in the spreading signal is called a "chip" (no relation to an integrated circuit). All voice conversations use the full bandwidth at the same time. One bit from each conversation is multiplied into 128 coded bits by the spreading techniques, giving the receiving side an enormous amount of data it can average just to determine the value of one bit.
More Secure
CDMA transmission has been used by the military for secure phone calls. Unlike FDMA and TDMA, CDMA's wide spreading signal makes it difficult to detect and jam. For more information, contact the CDMA Development Group (CDG) at www.cdg.org. See BREW, cellular generations, IS-95, CDMA2000, WCDMA, GSM, FDMA, TDMA, CDPD, CDG and spread spectrum.
How the Technology Works
The following illustration, which was created with the assistance of Klein Gilhousen, co-inventor of CDMA, shows how bits are encoded at the base station and decoded in the cellphone. A single bit example is used to take you through the Boolean math.
Transmitting from the Base Station
Each voice conversation is compressed with a vocoder. The output is doubled by a convolutional encoder that adds redundancy for error checking. Each bit from the encoder is replicated 64 times and exclusive OR'd with a Walsh code that is used to identify that call from the rest.
The output of the Walsh code is exclusive OR'd with the next string of bits (PN sequence) from a pseudo-random number generator, which is used to identify all the calls in a particular cell's sector. At this point, there is 128 times as many bits as there were from the vocoder's output. All the calls are combined and modulated onto a carrier frequency in the 800 MHz range.
Receiving at the Cellphone
The received frequencies are quantized into bits ("chips") by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The output is run through the Walsh code and PN sequence correlation receiver to recover the transmitted bits of the original signal. When 20ms of voice data is received, a Viterbi decoder corrects the errors using the convolutional code. The Viterbi output goes to the vocoder and digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which decompresses the bits and turns them back into waveforms (sound).
Follow the Single Bit Example
This exclusive OR truth table shows you the Boolean algebraic rules to prove the single bit example in the illustrations above. The example bit is a 1, and the Walsh and PN codes are 0.
CDMA Is Efficient
CDMA requires fewer cell sites than the GSM and TDMA digital cellphone systems and provides three to five times the calling capacity. Providing more than 10 times the capacity of the analog cellphone system (AMPS), CDMA has become widely used in North America and is also expected to become the third-generation (3G) technology for GSM. For example, in the U.S., the Verizon and Sprint cellphone services are based on CDMA.
Spread Spectrum
Unlike the other digital systems that divide the spectrum into different time slots, CDMA's spread spectrum technique overlaps every transmission on the same carrier frequency by assigning a unique code to each conversation. The often-used analogy for this is your ability to detect your own language in a room full of people speaking other languages. See TDMA.
A Different Kind of Chip
After the speech codec converts voice to digital, CDMA spreads the voice stream over the full 1.25 MHz bandwidth of the CDMA channel, coding each stream separately so it can be decoded at the receiving end. The rate of the spreading signal is known as the "chip rate," as each bit in the spreading signal is called a "chip" (no relation to an integrated circuit). All voice conversations use the full bandwidth at the same time. One bit from each conversation is multiplied into 128 coded bits by the spreading techniques, giving the receiving side an enormous amount of data it can average just to determine the value of one bit.
More Secure
CDMA transmission has been used by the military for secure phone calls. Unlike FDMA and TDMA, CDMA's wide spreading signal makes it difficult to detect and jam. For more information, contact the CDMA Development Group (CDG) at www.cdg.org. See BREW, cellular generations, IS-95, CDMA2000, WCDMA, GSM, FDMA, TDMA, CDPD, CDG and spread spectrum.
How the Technology Works
The following illustration, which was created with the assistance of Klein Gilhousen, co-inventor of CDMA, shows how bits are encoded at the base station and decoded in the cellphone. A single bit example is used to take you through the Boolean math.
Transmitting from the Base Station
Each voice conversation is compressed with a vocoder. The output is doubled by a convolutional encoder that adds redundancy for error checking. Each bit from the encoder is replicated 64 times and exclusive OR'd with a Walsh code that is used to identify that call from the rest.
The output of the Walsh code is exclusive OR'd with the next string of bits (PN sequence) from a pseudo-random number generator, which is used to identify all the calls in a particular cell's sector. At this point, there is 128 times as many bits as there were from the vocoder's output. All the calls are combined and modulated onto a carrier frequency in the 800 MHz range.
Receiving at the Cellphone
The received frequencies are quantized into bits ("chips") by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The output is run through the Walsh code and PN sequence correlation receiver to recover the transmitted bits of the original signal. When 20ms of voice data is received, a Viterbi decoder corrects the errors using the convolutional code. The Viterbi output goes to the vocoder and digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which decompresses the bits and turns them back into waveforms (sound).
Follow the Single Bit Example
This exclusive OR truth table shows you the Boolean algebraic rules to prove the single bit example in the illustrations above. The example bit is a 1, and the Walsh and PN codes are 0.
 | Reproduced with permission from Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Copyright (c) 1981-2008 The Computer Language Company Inc. All rights reserved. |
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